Teacher Learning Through The Lens Of Activity Theory Education Essay Free Essays

During recent old ages, teacher larning has gained much attending of principals and school leaders. In many instances schools leaders ‘ effort has been to supply an environment in which the instructors feel supported and accordingly learn efficaciously in their categories. Fuller and Unwin ( 2006 ) have categorized schools ‘ acquisition environments, as either restrictive or expansive in respect to their nature of societal interactions. We will write a custom essay sample on Teacher Learning Through The Lens Of Activity Theory Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Concentrating on the impressions introduced by Fuller and Unwin ( 2006 ) , in this paper I analyze these two acquisition environments in an Persian bilingual school, in which Persian and English are the media of direction, through the lens of activity theory. Kutti ( 1996 ) defines activity theory as â€Å" a philosophical and cross-disciplinary model for analyzing different signifiers of human patterns as development procedures, both single and societal degrees interlinked at the same clip † ( p. 23 ) . Sing this definition, utilizing activity theory in analysing the Persian school environment, I show how this model and its rule of contradictions can be relied on to steer research in larning environment and educational engineering. Furthermore, this survey provides an penetration into alterations in the instructors ‘ acquisition at workplace when a new technological tool becomes portion of schools ‘ activities and communicating. Keywords: expansive acquisition environment, restrictive acquisition environment, formal acquisition, informal acquisition, activity theory, teacher larning, e-learning 1. Introduction 1.1 Introduce the Problem Schools are non merely places where pupils learn but besides are they topographic points for instructors ‘ acquisition. Nowadays, school leaders around the universe are seeking to determine a civilization in which acquisition for both pupils and instructors happens in the most effectual manner. Since school principals have realized that instructors ‘ cognition and emotional provinces may impact pupils larning, which is the ultimate end of schools, they try to supply an environment in which instructors upgrade their accomplishments and decide their emotional battles related to their workplace. However, it is of import to detect what â€Å" counts † as workplace larning for instructors. Marsick and Watkins ( 1990 ) defined this as chances for acquisition, both those that are more formalistic and knowing and those characterized as minor expense. The focal point of this survey is on instructors ‘ acquisition and larning environment characterized as restrictive or expansive. Furthermore, analysing a instance through the lens of activity theory by concentrating on contradictions inside the activity systems provides an reliable illustration of both restrictive and expansive acquisition environments. The chief intent of this survey, nevertheless, is to demo how the activity theory can be utile in analysing instructors ‘ acquisition in different acquisition environments. This survey is organized in four subdivisions. The following subdivision provides an overview on the constructs related to instructors ‘ workplace acquisition and the activity theory model, by reexamining some cardinal literatures. The method subdivision describes the types and design of this survey. The consequence subdivision looks at two different larning environments in an Persian school and an e-learning plan through the lens of the activity theory and the last subdivision, which is treatment and decision portion, wraps up the treatment with deductions and sugge stions. 1.2 Describe Relevant Scholarship In this subdivision some surveies are reviewed in order to lucubrate some of the cardinal constructs in the survey such as, â€Å" restrictive † and â€Å" expansive † larning environment, â€Å" formal † and â€Å" informal † acquisition, and the activity theory. 1.2.1 Restrictive and Expansive Learning Environments While this survey is grounded in the context of an Persian school in which two different larning environments were experienced, I believe there is a demand to acknowledge the features of each environment. The thought of restrictive and expansive acquisition environment comes from the surveies of Fuller and Unwin ( 2006 ) on learner acquisition in four different companies. During their surveies Fuller and Unwin developed a conceptual model within which to do sense of chances and barriers in learner acquisition. Pulling on the thoughts of Lave and Wanger ‘s community of pattern theoretical account and Engestrom they classified larning environments as either expansive or restrictive. The following tabular array shows an altered model for instructor acquisition environment. Table 1. Expansive and restrictive acquisition environments for instructors. Beginning: Evans, Hodkinson, Rainbird, A ; Unwin, ( 2006, p. 53, Figure 3.1 ) Expansive acquisition environment Restrivtive acquisition environment Near collaborative working with co-workers Out-of-school educational chances, including chances to reflect and believe otherwise Explicit focal point on instructor acquisition as a dimension of normal on the job pattern Supported chances for personal development traveling beyond school or authorities precedences Colleagues are reciprocally supportive in heightening instructor acquisition Opprtunities to prosecute with working groups inside and outside of school Opportunities to widen professional individuality through boundry-crossing into other sections, school activities, and schools Support for fluctuations in ways of working and acquisition, for different instructors and sections Teachers use a broad scope of larning attacks Isolated, single working No out-of-school clip to stand back. Merely narrow, short preparation programmes No expressed focal point on instructor larning except to run into crises or imposed enterprises Teacher acquisition dominated by authorities and school dockets Colleagues obstruct or do non back up each others ‘s acquisition Work restricted to home departmental squads within school The lone chance to boundry cross associated with major alteration of occupation Standarised attacks to learning and teacher larning are prescribed and imposed Teachers use a narrow scope of larning attacks 1.2.2 Formal and Informal Learning Since one of the differentiation points between two different larning environments, viz. , expansive and restrictive, is on supplying support for fluctuations on acquisition, it is of import to acquire to cognize different types of acquisition. Marsick and Watkins ( 2001 ) qualify formal acquisition in contrast with informal acquisition as â€Å" institutionally sponsored, classroom-based, and extremely structured † ( p. 25 ) . For them informal acquisition is â€Å" incidental † and non classroom-based and extremely structured, and the control of acquisition is â€Å" chiefly in the custodies of the scholar † ( p. 25 ) . To clear up the impression they defined incidental as â€Å" a by-product of some other activity, such as undertaking achievement, interpersonal interaction, feeling the organisational civilization, trial-and-error experimentation, or even formal acquisition † ( p. 25 ) . As said by Eraut ( 2004 ) informal larning suggests more flexiblene ss or freedom for scholars. He believed that informal larning takes topographic point in a broader scope of scenes than formal instruction. This informal acquisition can take the signifiers of â€Å" conversations in the corridors or when sharing lifts with co-workers to the workplace ; detecting instructors ordaining their functions around a school ; and co-participating in normative patterns † ( Fox, Deaney, and Wilson, 2009, p. 219 ) . Eraut ( 2004 ) believed that nevertheless in informal acquisition, larning from other people is recognized as socially of import, but single bureau is more considerable than socialisation. He declared that informal acquisition plays a important function in professional development. Eraut declared that that in many scenes scholars experience both formal and non-formal acquisition. Although some bookmans acknowledge the significance of informal acquisition in professional development ( e.g. Eraut, 2004 ; Marsick, 2009 ) , Fuller and Unwin ( 20 06 ) pointed to Solomon ‘s concern about the recent accent on informal larning to state that this accent has â€Å" a negative side in that it may be sabotaging the demand to supply employees with chances to prosecute in off-the-job proviso as well † ( p. 29 ) . Fuller and Unwin added that harmonizing to Solomon ‘s position â€Å" supplying fewer off-the-job chances gives employees less opportunity to stand back and reflect critically on their pattern † ( p. 29 ) . 1.2.3 Activity Theory as a Theorietical Model As I mentioned before the instance of the Persian school under the focal point of this survey will be analyzed through the lens of activity theory. Indeed both larning environments, experienced at the school, will be scrutinized utilizing activity theory, in order to demo how each environment works for instructors in footings of acquisition and effectivity. Activity theory has had an germinating alteration from its development by Lev Vygotsky in 1920s. The first coevals of this theory, centered on Vygotsky ‘s suggestion, introduced the thought of mediation ( Engestrom, 2001 ) . Vygotsky ‘s thought of cultural mediation of actions is expressed â€Å" as the three of topic, object, and interceding artifact † ( Engestrom, 2001. P. 134 ) . This coevals of Activity Theory, nevertheless, is located on the degree of the person ‘s actions and does non exemplify â€Å" how cognitive alteration happens within a corporate context † ( Hardman, 2005, p. 2 ) . Vygotsky ‘s co-worker Alexei Leont’ev in 1981 clarified the differentiation between single action and corporate activity ( Engestrom, 2001 ) . The 2nd coevals of activity theory arose so out of Leont’ev ‘s three-level theoretical account of activity with its footing in the differentiation between action, operation and activity ( Engestrom, 1987 ) . However, â€Å" this theoretical account failed to develop Vygotsky ‘s theoretical account into one of corporate activity † ( Hardman, 2005. p. 3 ) . Engestrom in 1987 developed Vygtsky ‘s thoughts and introduced the 3rd coevals of activity theory ( Figure 1 ) : Figure 1. Components of the activity system ( Engestrom, 1987 ) Engestrom ( 2001 ) asserted â€Å" the 3rd coevals of activity theory needs to develop conceptual tools to understand duologue, multiple positions, and webs of interacting activity systems † ( p. 135 ) . Kutti ( 1996 ) defines activity theory as â€Å" a philosophical and cross-disciplinary model for analyzing different signifiers of human patterns as development procedures, both single and societal degrees interlinked at the same clip † ( p. 23 ) . As you see in the figure 2, activity theory is consisted of seven elements: Subject: the histrions engaged in the activity Object: natural stuff or job infinite at which the activity is focused ( Engestrom, 1993 ) . Tools: instruments facilitate the object of activity Community: the topics of an activity system with a common object Division of labor: horizontal and perpendicular division of undertakings and functions, power and position among members of the community Rules: explicit and inexplicit norms that control actions and interactions within the system ( Engestrom, 1993 ) Result: transmutation of the objects ; the overall mark of the activity system ( Jonassen, 2002 ) Engestrom ( 2001 ) uttered five rules that summarise his attack to the modern-day activity theory. In the first rule, he identified the activity system as the chief unit of analysis. In the 2nd rule he emphasized multi-voicedness of activity systems ; he argued that activity systems are communities of multiple points of position, traditions and involvements. In the 3rd rule Engestrom ( 2001 ) pointed to historicity of systems by stating that â€Å" activity systems take form and acquire transformed over drawn-out periods of clip † ( p. 136 ) . In the 4th rule he tried to demo the significance of contradictions by presenting them as beginnings of alterations and development. For him contradictions can ensue in tensenesss but besides transmutation in activity systems. In specifying contradiction Kuutti ( 1996 ) stated â€Å" contradiction is a misfit within elements, between them, between different activities, or between different developmental stages of a individual activity à ¢â‚¬  ( p. 34 ) . In the last rule he talked about expansive rhythm by adverting that â€Å" activity systems move through comparatively long rhythms of qualitative transmutations † ( p. 137 ) . 2. Method Because this survey seeks to understand how activity theory can be a utile model for analysing larning environments, it adopts an explanatory instance survey design. This is a survey on an Persian bilingual school in which both restrictive and expansive acquisition environments were experienced. In order to supply a better apprehension of the context, the research worker uses her observations and perceptual experiences as one of the instructors in the school upon which the survey is built. In each acquisition environment, either restrictive or expansive, by concentrating on contradictions as dynamic forces of alteration, we can show how we can track transmutation and better understand these transmutations within an activity system. In fact, contradictions can either authorise larning to come on, or they can curtail it, depending on whether or non they are acknowledged and fixed ( Nelson, 2002 ) . 3. Consequences 3.1 Restrictive Learning Environment From its constitution in 2002 up to its work on 2006, the school had a restrictive acquisition environment in which instructors did non back up each others ‘ acquisition. There were some Teacher Training Courses ( TTC ) for the instructors, every one time in a piece, to order and order some instruction schemes and criterions ; later the instructors had to learn precisely harmonizing to what they had been told. Teachers had to work separately and there was no civilization of collaborative acquisition. However some informal acquisition happened inside the schoolroom for the instructors, they did non hold the opportunity of speaking to the other instructors in order to hold more informal acquisition. Despite some efforts of the supervisors on the manner of supplying chances for instructor acquisition such as category observation and supplying feedback to the instructors, teacher preparation classs, and supplying some text books for the instructors, teacher larning was non admitted explicitly as a critical issue of the school. In such an environment emerging contradictions seemed inevitable. Figure 2 shows the activity system representation of such a restrictive acquisition environment by presenting elements of the system. Figure 2. An activity system representation of restrictive school environment 3.1.1 Contradictions in Restrictive School Environment School leaders ‘ belief was grounded on the thought that individualist acquisition is more effectual for instructors, so the instructors were encouraged to analyze separately. This thought nevertheless, was non in line with the human nature which has disposition toward communicating with others. The instructors were restricted to pass on with each other and this was in contradiction with their established patterns in the society. In the communities out of this school all of the instructors had chances to speak with other people and to larn from them ; so outgrowth of a contradiction between the topics particularly the instructors with the object was obvious ( subject/object contradiction ) . On the other manus the regulations of the school were in a manner that made the instructors stay off from each other. Harmonizing to the regulations, the instructors had to pass their java interruption clip in their categories and there was no chance provided for them to pass on with each o ther ( subject/rule contradiction ) . The school supervisors were supposed to supply such a acquisition environment in which the instructors ‘ acquisition happened in the most effectual manner ; in this manner, nevertheless, they were non supportive plenty. For illustration, one of the undertakings of the supervisors in each school is detecting the instructors ‘ categories and supplying feedbacks to them. In this school nevertheless, the supervisors observed each category merely one time in a twelvemonth, and this did non hold any added value for the instructors ‘ acquisition. In this manner the instructors had to oversee their ain actions and to go supervisors of themselves ( division of labour contradiction ) . Harmonizing to the 5th rule of the activity theory â€Å" as the contradictions of an activity system are aggravated, some single participants begin to inquiry and pervert from its established norms. In some instances, this escalates into collaborative picturing and a calculated corporate alteration attempt † ( Engestrom, 2001, p.137 ) . The contradictions inside this activity system were assumed as barriers in making the school effectiveness so as a consequence of facing these contradictions, the school initiated alterations in the system in order to decide the contradictions for the interest of better results. In this respect, a sort of expansive transmutation happened in the system. As Engestrom ( 2001 ) said â€Å" an expansive transmutation is accomplished when the object and motivation of the activity are reconceptualized to encompass a radically wider skyline of possibilities than in the old manner of the activity † ( p. 137 ) . In this sense, the object of the s ystem changed to expansive acquisition undertakings and consequently the tools changed in order to advance the object to run into the result of the system. 3.2 Expansive Learning Environment Harmonizing to Engestrom ( 2001 ) activity systems take signifier and acquire changed over long periods of clip. He adds that jobs and potencies of an activity system can merely be understood against it ain history. In this instance, the school environment as an activity system changed from being restrictive to being expansive in order to be more effectual in making the end of the system. This means that the instructors were encouraged to hold a close collaborative working relationship with the other instructors. Anchoring on this thought a new e-learning plan was introduced to the instructors as a manner of communicating with the other instructors of their ain school and the instructors of another school in Malaysia. The chief end of this plan was assisting instructors to pass on their jobs with each other and with their supervisors and to upgrade their cognition. In contrast with the old manner of the system, instructors ‘ acquisition was accepted explicitly as a cardinal con struct in the school and it was considered as a chief factor in the school effectivity. The e-learning plan was an on-line plan in which the instructors could entree online classs held by teachers from Malaysia. In add-on to this formal larning some informal acquisition chances were besides provided: the instructors could be involved in voice and picture confabs online with each other and with the other instructors from the Malayan school. They could besides inquire inquiries and discourse around a subject in a treatment forum. Figure 3 shows the activity system representation of such an expansive acquisition environment. Barb, Evans, and Baek ( 2004 ) believe that as one moves toward seeking to plan community, particularly one in which the members are expected to prosecute in new patterns that challenge their current civilization, many contradictions emerge. In this activity system presenting a new engineering and new patterns caused some contradictions in the activity system. Figure 3. An activity system representation of expansive school environment 3.2.1 Contradictions in Expansive School Environment Harmonizing to Engestrom ( 2001 ) one of the rules of activity theory is the â€Å" multi-voicedness of activity systems † ( p. 136 ) . This means that an activity system is a community of different points of position, histories, and involvements. This multi-voicedness as said by Engestrom may do some problems and contradictions. In our instance, after presenting e-program as a manner of communicating and coaction some of the instructors resisted engagement in the plan and some other were actively involved in the plan. This was largely because of their involvements and backgrounds. Some of the instructors were old instructors who had got used to individualist acquisition and treated such plans as a manner of â€Å" wasting clip † . Some others nevertheless, had found it a good manner of join forcesing with the others and work outing their ain jobs and the jobs of the other instructors. While in an expansive environment instructors are supposed to be reciprocally support ive in heightening their acquisition ( Evans et al, 2006 ) , in this instance the older instructors were non supportive plenty because of their background and involvements and this caused a contradiction between the divisions of labor of the system. On the other manus, as all of the instructors were non active scholars and some of them were inactive scholars a contradiction emerged between the topics ( topics contradiction ) . Furthermore, as mentioned before, in the instance that some of the older instructors preferred individualist acquisition and resisted affecting in expansive patterns we see a contradiction between topics and object which was â€Å" expansive acquisition undertakings and patterns † ( subject/object contradiction ) . One of the grounds for the instructors who resist engagement in the new undertakings was their deficiency of cognition in utilizing technological device such as computing machines or cyberspace ( subject/tool contradiction ) . In such a system a contradiction besides emerged between tool and division of labor. The debut of the e-learning plan and computer/internet as a tool required a new division of labor due in portion to the freshness of the tool but besides due to the fact that the supervisors were non able to help all instructors with the computer/internet undertakings. Consequently some instructors who had a better technological cognition became supervisors of the other instructors with the deficiency of cognition in utilizing new devices. One of the patterns in which the instructors were involved was go toing online classs held by Malayan teachers. Since the Persian school was a bilingual school, the teachers had some suggestions for pupils ‘ linguistic communication acquisition betterment. For illustration, they suggested that doing larning groups from the pupils and inquiring them to be involved in some reliable role-playing could better their linguistic communication proficiency. But they emphasized the thought that in each group both genders should be involved. This suggestion nevertheless seemed to be effectual, but was non applicable for an Persian school, because Persian schools are non co-education systems and male and female pupils, because of the Islamic regulations, can non be in a same system. There were besides some other suggestions which were incompatible with the school regulations ( tool/rule contradiction ) . This mutual exclusiveness of the instructions with school regulations made the instruc tors uninterested in the instructions because they thought that those instructions were non utile in their instruction systems ( subject/tool contradiction ) . There were some besides some other issues in the system which caused emerging some contradictions between the elements. One of these issues was low cyberspace velocity in Iran which de-motivated the instructors from utilizing e-program as a manner of communicating ( subject/tool contradiction ) . Harmonizing to Nelson ( 2002 ) contradictions can either ease acquisition to come on, or they can impede it, depending on whether or non they are acknowledged and resolved. Introducing a new plan to the instructors, as we saw, caused some contradictions. When the school system had a restrictive environment, the school leaders tried to decide the emergent contradictions due to the deficiency of communicating. When they decided to present the e-learning plan they believed that this plan could hold been a good manner for the instructors to pass on with the other instructors inside the school and outside of it. By presenting a new engineering, nevertheless, some other contradictions emerged that the school leaders had non anticipated. So alternatively of deciding the new contradictions they decided to eliminate the beginning of them which was the e-learning plan. Despite the huge sum of budget and clip devoted to presenting the new plan, the school leaders stopped the plan because they b elieved that the plan did non hold much added value to the instructors ‘ acquisition. 4. Decision This article began with the purpose of look intoing contradictions in different acquisition environments through the lens of activity theory. In order to show contradictions happening in different acquisition environments the article introduced a instance survey in an Persian school. However, as said by Hardman ( 2005 ) although â€Å" a instance survey does non allow one to do general statements about how something might be used in different state of affairss † , it does supply a deep description of the procedures underlying the object of the survey. Analyzing restrictive acquisition environment at the school under probe showed that most of the instructors were inclined to pass on with the other instructors for the interest of more acquisition. As one of the elements of expansive larning environment as said by Evans et Al ( 2006, is â€Å" chances to prosecute with working groups inside or outside of school † ( p. 53 ) , the e-learning plan could hold provided such an chance for the instructors. When the object and consequently the tools of the system changed and a new engineering was introduced to the instructors, some contradictions emerged. The lens of activity theory, as we saw, could supply insight into alterations in the instructors ‘ acquisition at workplace when a new technological tool became portion of their activities and communicating. In this instance some of the older instructors had some jobs with the new engineering or even with the new object ( expansive acquisition patterns such as communicating with the other instructors ) . If the school leaders and instructors tried to happen the contradictions and to decide them, the activity system could hold gone one measure in front to its end. For illustration, if merely a few Sessionss were devoted to learn computing machine and cyberspace accomplishments to the instructors, some of the contradictions could hold been resolved ; but when confronting with jobs caused by contradictions the school leaders eliminated the beginning of contradictions ( e-learning plan ) alternatively of look intoing the beginning of the jobs ( contradictions ) and deciding them. A s a affair of fact, presenting a new plan or engineering to any puting shifts participants ‘ established patterns to the new patterns, which causes some contradictions. It is of import that school leaders can place contradictions in their scenes and see how these influence school civilization and how to equilibrate them. Recognitions I would wish to thank Dr. Alison Taylor, the teacher of my â€Å" Workplace and Learning † class at University of Alberta, who guided me through this survey. 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Situational Analysis of Share Dignity Organization-Free-Samples

Question: Discuss about Share Dignity Organization. Answer: Introduction Currently, charitable organizations have taken root in the world helping people of different needs. Successful management of these companies demands a better understanding of their state of operation through situational analysis. This helps the management to take the right strategies such as appropriate digital strategies that are likely to impact positively to the company. This analysis of Share the Dignity organization provides a vivid understanding of the organizations environment and the current strategies that it has embraced thus helping the management make the right decisions (Charles, 2012). Micro environment The micro environment of Share Dignity Organization can be best analyzed through Strength Weaknesses Opportunities Threats analysis tools (SWOT Analysis). Firstly, the as a nonprofit organization, Share Dignity enjoys many advantages such as tax exemption, which reduces their cost of running business, besides the organization gets revenue from online donations (Chermack Bernadette, 2007). Also, the volunteer staff helps the team to cut down the costs thus giving it a competitive advantage over others. Some of the weaknesses of Share Dignity include budget problems where the organization has to merge the salary scale with profit making companies for its non-volunteer workers. The opportunities for the company include accessibility to grants and also many potential partners. Regarding threats, the organization suffers risks of economic crises because it relies on the consumers cash outflows. Figure 1.0 Macro-Environment Share Dignity's macro-environment can be best analyzed using PESTLE analysis. Politically, the organization's operation is significantly affected the political forces of countries in which it operates. The Economic State of the world affects the ability of donors which in turn affects the company. Social factors such the beliefs, cultural practices also impact the operation of the organization because of people such as volunteers and good wills. Technologically, the company has to keep up with the changing technologies for its survival. Also, the legal factors include the existing legal system has a control on the activities of the organization (Hanssan, 2012). Besides, the environmental factors affect what the organization can do such as the green policy. Thus, it has to ensure that it conserves the environment at all the time. Figure 1.2 Company Analysis Share Dignity is of the Australian no profit making organizations that specialize in helping women in Australia and other parts of the world. The organization deals in providing the homeless and needy women with the provision of sanitary products for use during their periods. The company is sustained by raising finances from donors through fundraising, staff volunteers and also the good will people in the society. Therefore, Share Dignity specializes in charitable activities of providing sanitary pads to help the needy, homeless women of all ages. Competitor Analysis` The three charity players in Australia that competes the Share the Dignity organization include the UN Women, Global sisters, and the Global Women's Project. Firstly, there are the UN Women which deals in similar activities to support women in the society and raises money and is also financed similarly thus; it competes Share the Dignity (Mankiw Taylor, 2011). Secondly, there are Global Sisters one of the organizations that specialize in helping women and has similar financing strategies to Share the Dignity thus, providing competition to Share the Dignity. Thirdly, there is the Global Womens Project which provides is an international organization that also has roots in Australia, and this also offers a direct competition to the Share Dignity Company since they have similar customers (Blythe, 2009). To compare these players in the non-profit industry, these competitors have similarities in the sense that they all support needy and homeless women in Australia. Besides, they are also similar in the manner that their customers are the donors for fundraising initiatives, the goodwill people, and the volunteer workers. Regarding differences, unlike Share the Dignity which specializes in giving out the sanitary pads specifically, those organizations engage in many other activities. Thus, they can provide competition to Share Dignity organization. Consumer Analysis The target market for Share the Dignity is in Australia and the entire world. In the market, the company focusses on the governments which offer it the grants, other profit, and non-profit making organizations that have an interest in supporting women. Besides, the general public is also important consumers of this organization because it forms the donors for fundraising, the good will people and also the volunteers who are willing to offer the services to the organization. A look at the company's digital strategy, it is evident that organization has aligned well the business with its media strategy. Consumers can be reached through the company website; the social media handles other digital openings such the email broadcast and SEO. These strategies have a critical role to the organization since they can reach the various target market in Australia and the entire globe. Marketing Mix Analysis The main marketing strategies that Share the Dignity company employs can be summarized into the 4Ps (Product, Price, Place, and Promotion). Regarding place, the organization has shown efforts by ensuring that donors can easily find them for fundraising through their website and other ways. For the price, given that organization is non-profit making, it does not have any limit to its customers. The product, the organization, attends to the needy and homeless women in Australia by providing them with sanitary pads (Karniel Reich, 2011). Share the Dignity has undertaken various promotional activities to reach most of the customers in the world. This has been through social media, print media and many others (Wooliscroft, 2011). Website Analysis Currently, a website is an essential aspect of the business of an organization. Share the Dignity organization has its website at www.sharethedignity.com.au. The website has played a critical role in reaching the customers of this company. It has been used an enabler for raising and reaching the customers; donors, well-wishers, and volunteer workers. The companies have an integrated payment system where the donors are able easily and conveniently to make their contributions to the organization (James, 2014). Social Media Audit The organization also has its social media platforms in place. This has played a critical role in reaching more people who are potential customers to the organization. These social media platforms the organization has embraced include Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, Google+, Instagram, Snapchat and also the mobile app. The social media has been effective and managed to reach millions of the companys potential clients. Digital Tactics of Share Dignity Currently, most people are found at the social sites. Therefore, it has been a good idea to have the social platforms for the company in place. However, the company has also integrated other media marketing aspects in its business for effectiveness. These include email marketing, where it maintains a list of customers emails for communication. Also, the Search Engine Optimization (SEO) ranking is important because it helps users to quickly reach the company on the web. Conclusion Some problems have been identified in this situational analysis, and they include the management of the social media for the enterprise. The social media should keep customers updated with latest information and promotions. Another problem is an improvement of the SEO of the company website. There is need to optimize the search engine for the enterprise's website. Besides, the organization needs to adopt the new digital strategies such as incorporation of Google AdSense which will ensure that many reach the fundraising initiatives of this organization. In conclusion, successful management of every business organization demands a better understanding of the prevailing situational factors. This entails an understanding of the environment through tools such as the SWOT and Pestle analysis, Competitors Analysis, Consumer Analysis. Besides an understanding of competitors in the market and their level of the embrace of the digital, social tactics in the business. An understanding of these factors is critical in helping the company increase its productivity. References Blythe, J. (2009). Key Concepts in Marketing. London: Sage Publications. ISBN978-1-84787-498-6. Charles, L. (2012). Essentials of Marketing (7ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Chermack, J. Bernadette K. (December 2007). "The Use of and Misuse of SWOT analysis and implications for HRD professionals." Human Resource Development International.10(4): 383399. Hanssan, A. (2012). "Tax policy and entrepreneurship: empirical evidence from Sweden." Small Business Economics. James, W. (2014). Your Small Business Adventure: Finding Your Niche and Growing a Successful Business. ALA/Huron Street Press. ISBN978-1-937589-44-8. John A., Katherine E. Jocz (2012). All Business is Local: Why Place Matters More than Ever in a Global, Virtual World. Penguin. Karniel, A. Reich, Y. (2011).Managing the Dynamic of New Product Development Processes. A new Product Lifecycle Management Paradigm. Springer. pp.13.ISBN978-0-85729-569-9. Mankiw, N. Taylor, M. (2011). Economics (2nd ed., revised Ed.). Andover: Cengage Learning. Wooliscroft, B. (2011). Marketing Theory as History. Marketing Theory, 11(4), 499-501.

Review of Economics and Statistics Broke My Lease

Question: Its a management class we have to write one page about anything happen to you. Answer: When I broke my lease with the apartment I rent The apartment I rented was in the town of Toledo in United States. I rented this apartment last year during the month of July. The apartment was close to my university. So I opted for this apartment and I took my apartment for lease of two years. But in the month of January of this year, I broke my lease with the apartment before completing two years term (Chen et al. 2014). I had already paid my landlord the rent for one year. I had agreed to pay the rent every year. But when I decided to leave my apartment, I had asked my landlord for the refund. He did not agree to refund me my money. So I decided to convince him with the help of local leaders. He refused to listen to them as well. He said that this is against the terms and policy of his agreement (Ambrose et al. 2015). I was disheartened to lose the money. I had to shift to another apartment which was nearer to my university and was cheaper than the previous one. I had thought of teaching my landlord a lesson so that he does not make such agreements in future. The day I planned to teach him a lesson, he called me in the morning to return the remaining money keeping one months rent. He apologized to me for not returning me the remaining money, initially. He said the law of the States do not permit to keep the rent of one year. He had to deduct a months rent and will have to return the rest. Thus, I got back my money and moved happily to my new apartment. References Ambrose, B.W., Coulson, N.E. and Yoshida, J., 2015. The repeat rent index. Review of Economics and Statistics, 97(5), pp.939-950. Chen, J., Wang, J. and Bell, P.C., 2014. Lease expiration management for a single lease term in the apartment industry. European Journal of Operational Research, 238(1), pp.233-244.

Ethnic Stratification, Prejudice, Discrimination Hispanics

Ethnicity and race have been a topic of immense concern in the United States of America since it has a wide range of ethnic and racial entities in this country, having a broad historical background of origin. The author of this paper discusses the effects of ethnic stratification on the Hispanics/Latinos, and how prejudice and discrimination are relevant to this ethnic group.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethnic Stratification, Prejudice, Discrimination: Hispanics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ethnic Stratification Ethnic stratification has resulted in differences in the distribution of resources according to hierarchical positions. The most powerful/dominant ethnic group enjoys most benefits as long as resource distribution is concerned. In the US, stratification was done based on physical appearance and religion. The white Protestants are top in the hierarchy followed by the Jews, white Catholics and Asian s. The bottom in the hierarchy includes the blacks, Indian Americans, some Asians and Hispanics or Latinos. This has changed since there have been several conversions from one culture to another. Currently, stratification is done using two main ways i.e. biological characteristics and ethnic background. To the Hispanic, what has mostly influenced their placement in the hierarchy is their ethnic background. Given their unclear origin these citizens are usually treated as non-Americans. They are currently ranked lower than the blacks especially in employment, housing and education. The Latinos are thus discriminated because of their position in the ethnic hierarchy. In fact, stratification is the main reason for racialism and racism among the American population. Prejudice and discrimination The disparity in ethnic class resulting from the social stratification in the American society has resulted to uncontained prejudice and discrimination. Price (2012) defines prejudice as peoplesâ €™ perception towards people of other cultures whose traits they consider negative because of their cultural background, religion or color (Price 802). Discrimination, on the other hand, is one’s act of prejudice on another person or a group (Price 802).Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to different surveys (Gk-survey, Pew Research poll), the Hispanics are ranked second after African Americans among those who face discrimination in the United States of America. The Hispanics are mostly discriminated against finding adequate and good housing (US Census Bureau, para 7). The pew research poll indicated a shocking statistics that three of ten Latino employees have been discriminated at least once a week at their work place. About 12% of the interviewed Hispanics in the US Census Bureau Survey believe that at one time, they had been fired from work due to prejud ice. Moreover, one in ten Hispanic men report going into prison at least once in their life due to prejudice and discrimination (US census bureau para. 6). This discrimination extends to other extremely valuable services like education, health services and leadership. The children and youth are the most affected by the discrimination though adults also phase their position of prejudice and discrimination. The discrimination has had lots of influence on the perception of the Hispanics on life and other vital activities (Price 801). The Hispanics are reported to be less motivated in life at work, low education standard and high unemployment rates. These are all results of prejudice and discrimination that they face. Policy measures to reduce the discrimination bears no evident fruit, campaigns for equality to bears no fruits. It is forecast that with the increase in Hispanic immigrants into the US, perceptions against the Hispanics increases and thus discrimination worsens. The bid to reduce this prejudice has thus to be heightened to save the situation. Works Cited Price, Patricia L. â€Å"Race and ethnicity: Latino immigrants and emerging geographies of race and place in the USA.† Progress in Human Geography 36.6 ( 2012): 800-809. Print. US census bureau, 2010, Web. www.census.gov.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethnic Stratification, Prejudice, Discrimination: Hispanics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Ethnic Stratification, Prejudice, Discrimination: Hispanics was written and submitted by user Brody L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Treating People Nicely

Treating People Nicely Introduction Nice treatment is a back to back practice between individual or among groups of people. Human beings are termed as social beings naturally. Interactions occur in various ways. That can be formally or informally. Of course the formal way would entail treatment in job places, meetings and so forth. Informal interactions could include the interaction that exists among people who are related or could be by default in the societal requirements.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Treating People Nicely specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Characteristics of Nice Treatment Treating people nicely is more of a behavioral aspect. That is to say that, when one does not exhibit good behavior, it is evident that the expectations too will be wanting. The attitude exhibited during interaction can also describe ones character. This shows whether you are a nice person or a bad person in terms of socializing. It is always good t o treat people nicely. his mostly applies in every aspect of life. That is at home, in work place, in church and in various places that involves the aspect of interaction by people. It is very important to treat people well because that is what you also expect from them. Their attitude to you is reciprocated from what you do to them. Treating people well entails, being loyal, patient, thoughtful, kind and respectful about others. This is the same as being considerate on others. Human beings are unique. Every person has got a different character. Although there are standards by which people interact, one should realize that every person has strength and a weakness even if one is not right try out and be positive as to cheer him or her up and at the same time you explain the correction. Always wear a smile on your face during conversations. When someone smiles at you, it is important to smile back. One should always be courteous when addressing people. This is by saying, please, thank you and welcome. One should avoid high ego. Always remember that you are not better than anyone. This helps in practicing humility hence other people will take it positively. One key thing is to listen to your colleagues or other people carefully. Good listening is one of the key ways in implementing effective communication. Benefits of Treating People Nicely One benefit of treating people nicely is exhibited in the â€Å"ethic of reciprocity†. This shows that when one treats others nicely, he or she will also be treated nicely. People remain the most appreciable resource in business matters. Employees too need to be treated well. These two measures would result in the business doing well, while on the employees’ part, production and profitability would increase tremendously. Treating people well also contributes to a mutual relationship between individuals. This relationship is aided by the fact that one appreciates what the other party has done and reciprocates the same to that partner. It does not mean that the service has to be the same. One can appreciate one party through a different mode. The only effect that should be felt by the other person is a sense of dignity.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More I believe in â€Å"Karma† Concept This is a belief that originated from the Asian countries specifically India. This was way back in the past. It is a concept that has been thought to be similar to fate which is not the case. It is imagined that human beings act out of free will hence fate cannot be related to Karma’s concept. Karma is described as an act or a deed. This principle is accepted worldwide and it exhibits cause and effect. It can also be described as reactions and actions that direct life. Some people would say â€Å"what goes around comes around†. This is true in determining how individuals treat one another in work place or in the society at large. Conclusion When you are treated well definitely you will do the same. This also applies to awful treatments. Those who treat people badly are also treated badly. This is majorly defines by character. At time, people’s character influences their actions. Their actions would bring them required reaction or effects. Therefore, it is true to say that, what goes around comes around

Science Meets Real Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Science Meets Real Life - Essay Example The 5 steps of the scientific method are then executed again. If the bulb glows in the second lamp then it is CONCLUDED that there has been a fault in the initial lamp that was lighted when the person reached home. But there could be a POSSIBLE ERROR here and that is that the lamp may not be plugged into the socket properly. Another subsequent query that may now arise is that whether the Initial lamp was fixed properly or not. This series of hypothetical testing continues unless the actual reasoning behind the nonfunctioning of the lamp is assessed. If the Fan is not running then it the hypothesis is accepted and it is affirmed that since the engine fan is not working that must be the reason behind the rapid heating up the car. However this can still not be affirmed that whether the fan itself is faulty or there is a fault in the electrical wiring connecting the fan to the engine. If he fan does not turn on when connected to the new battery terminals then it is ascertained that the reason for the non-functioning of the fan and thus heating up of the car was the burning out of the fan only. However, if the fan is functional then further analysis is required to assess that what is the actual reason behind the inoperability of the fan and the scientific methodology of figuring out the root cause by assessing one factor after the other unless a deductive conclusion is reached, continues. Science is a natural and indispensible option for humans to exercise. Even if life of the human beings is considered in its simplest of forms as it was in the primitive times, the applications of science in it remain there and are obvious. Thus it can very well be ascertained that human life and Science go hand in hand. Considering our daily routine we get benefitted with the applications of science round the clock. It doesn’t matter whether we are at work, are spending leisure time or are into slumber; science is applied into our

Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Project - Essay Example The technology of the RRAS (Routing and Remote Access service) facilitates and supports the site-to-site and remote user data sharing and connectivity by making use of the VPN (virtual private network) or dial-up connections. A Routing and Remote Access service will offer XYZ Company’s end users facility regarding the remote access to our organizations network. Thus, staff will be able to create a site-to-site virtual private network connection among two servers at dissimilar locations. However we can have some of security related problems regarding the implementation of new Routing and Remote Access service technology (Microsoft, 2009) & (Microsoft, 2009). Question No-2: Project Goals: What are the business objectives (benefits and expected improvements) that will be achieved by completing this project? Is the problem/opportunities worth pursuing of RRAS? Through the implementation of the Routing and Remote Access service or RRAS technology we will have a lot of facilities regarding the corporate network data sharing and operational management. The main goals of XYZ Company regarding the Routing and Remote Access service or RRAS technology is to offer following facilities to business staff and management: However in case of new Remote Access service or RRAS technology establishment at XYZ Company we could face some problems regarding the data security and network privacy. In case of huge remote network connective we can face security threats from the outer world. For the successful technology implementation at XYZ Company we need to establish some of the fundamental key stones regarding the corporate technology infrastructure implementation. Below I have outlined some of following key stones regarding new technology infrastructure implementation at XYZ Company: By analyzing the overall project activities and operational tasks I have developed the complete budget plan for the project. In the above section I have mentioned